Primary Energy Sources Primary energy sources are found in nature and have some stored energy capacity To be a primary energy source, there must be: No processing or refining Stored energy must occ...
Sankey Diagrams Diagrams are used to represent energy transfers These are sometimes called Sankey diagrams The arrow in a Sankey diagram represents the transfer of energy: The end of the arrow poin...
Specific Energy The amount of energy that a fuel can provide for the amount of fuel used is an important consideration for the modern world In order to compare fuels by unit, either mass or volume ...
The Higgs Boson The Higgs-boson was predicted in 1964 The prediction included an approximate mass for the particle, at 125 GeV c–2 This prediction came from the standard model, which required the p...
Feynman Diagrams Feynman diagrams are a clear way of representing particle interactions in terms of their incoming and outgoing particles and exchange particles Although there are many variations o...
Fundamental Forces The Strong Nuclear Force In the nucleus, there are electrostatic forces between the protons due to their electric charge and gravitational forces due to their mass Comparatively,...
Particle Conservation Laws Charge Electric charge must be conserved during particle interactions This means charge must have the same value overall before and after the interaction Charge is found ...
Hadrons, Baryons & Mesons Hadrons are the group of subatomic particles that are made up of quarks These may be either a: Baryon (3 quarks) Meson (quark and anti-quark pair) Hadrons may be eithe...
Quarks & Leptons Quarks Quarks are fundamental particles that make up other subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons Protons and neutrons are in a category of particles called hadrons H...
